To begin with let's get some basic moon facts straight

To begin with, let's get some basic moon facts straight.

Wisecrack

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Moon Fall Down? 

The new movie Moonfall imagines what would happen if the moon got knocked off its axis and sent towards earth. So is this actually possible? And could we survive? Let's find out in this Science is Hard: What if the Moon Fell Down to Earth? 

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00:00 - Intro
01:12 - Moon Fact
03:58 - A World With No Moon
05:50 - But How Likely Is It
06:54 - Conclusion

Written and Hosted by Michael Burns
Research by Michael Howard
Directed by Michael Luxemburg
Original Illustrations by Sean Godsey
Edited by Jackson Maher
Produced by Evan Yee & Olivia Redden

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What if the Moon Fell Down to Earth? | Science Is Hard

very basic farmers or conscripts into war

very basic farmers, or conscripts into war.

Rare Earth

We rarely talk about how individual fruits spread around the world, but every time I come across these stories I'm always fascinated to see just how much deeper they go than I'd expected. From the mangoes of Hawaii to the apples of Aomori, the history of fruit horticulture never ceases to amaze me.

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The light from the stars in a distant galaxy can tell us two basic things

The light from the stars in a distant galaxy can tell us two basic things.

minutephysics

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Aatish Bhatia helped write this video! A big thanks for his help! Here's his blog: http://www.empiricalzeal.com

The universe is expanding – this we know from looking at red shifts of distant galaxies – but the acceleration of the universe's expansion is harder to measure. It requires measuring the change of recession velocity over time, and it's done by comparing Type Ia supernovas as standard candles at different distances, which is how we know the universe is accelerating!

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REFERENCES

Type Ia supernovae
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Astro/snovcn.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_Ia_supernova

Luminosity Distance
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminosity_distance

Hubble diagram for type Ia supernovas (relatively close to earth): http://www.pnas.org/content/101/1/8/F3.expansion
http://www.astronomy.ohio-state.edu/~thompson/1101/lecture_fate_of_universe.html

Straightforward references:
Ryan Foley talking about WFIRST & Dark Energy
https://youtu.be/BhOAwXYKdmw?t=23m
Dark Energy FAQ:
http://www.preposterousuniverse.com/blog/2011/10/04/dark-energy-faq/
Why does dark energy make the universe accelerate?
http://www.preposterousuniverse.com/blog/2013/11/16/why-does-dark-energy-make-the-universe-accelerate/
David Spergel on dark matter & WFIRST
https://tvr2c.com/2016/06/01/53116-show-feat-professor-david-spergel-on-his-research-spanning-astrophysical-scales/

Slightly-technical references:
Permlutter article (old article but quite well explained & goes into future directions near the end)
http://supernova.lbl.gov/PDFs/PhysicsTodayArticle.pdf

Technical references:
Mukhanov’s Physical Cosmology
http://www.astro.caltech.edu/~george/ay21/readings/Mukhanov_PhysFoundCosm.pdf
Nobel Prize Summary
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2011/advanced-physicsprize2011.pdf
Cosmological redshift
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redshift#Expansion_of_space

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How Do We Know The Universe Is ACCELERATING?

stare up at a bright, full moon, and think to yourself,

seems to be playing right into my biggest fears

where the whole damn moon gets knocked off its orbit

and literally starts falling towards Earth.

Along the way, it causes a grab-bag of damage:

deaths, tidal waves, gravitational shifts, and the like.

Now, I'm not here to spoil the movie for you,

because that would be what scientists call,

that the moon could ever be thrown off its axis

like a bowling ball thrown by a drunk and vengeful God?

Science is Hard: Is real-life Moonfall possible?

The moon is in an elliptical orbit around the Earth.

It's distance from Earth ranges from 362,600

to 405,400 kilometers at any given point.

this could cause the moon's orbit to stretch out

as the force of the object slows it down.

it's actually because of cold hard science:

of the moon and Earth's respective orbits,

speed, and rotation, plus the gravitational pull

And if the moon gets knocked off its orbit,

the difference between the minimum and maximum distances

between the moon and Earth would increase,

Along the way, it would also increase the difference

and create way bigger and scarier tidal waves.

Good for surfers, bad for the rest of us.

its orbit would get more and more elliptical,

The friction created would slow it down even further,

and the moon would eventually crash into our planet

The Roche Limit holds true for any satellite,

i.e. an object orbiting something like a planet.

where the gravity holding a satellite together

is weaker than the tidal forces trying to pull it apart.

Now, the moon was formed around 4 1/2 billion years ago

When this happened, they melted into each other

which is kinda romantic when you think about it.

And the moon was a piece that spun off from this new mass,

thus furthering this intergalactic fairy tale.

And when a satellite has the same make-up as a primary body,

i.e. when the moon baby is descended from its parent planet,

the Roche Limit is about 2 1/2 times the radius

This means that if the moon's orbit reached 11,470 miles

tidal forces would tear that little rascal apart,

But in this case, not all the pieces of our blasted-up moon

as some pieces will be pulled in by Earth's gravity.

If they then survive the fall through our atmosphere,

they'll absolutely wreck a few major cities in the process.

Test your pronunciation!

“basic”