In the Eastern Horn of Africa rapidly drying as its moisture was pulled away towards those Asian highlands

In the Eastern Horn of Africa, rapidly drying as its moisture was pulled away towards those Asian highlands,

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Does Popcorn Pop in a Vacuum?

But either way your food isn’t getting its moisture back it ends up dehydrated

But either way, your food isn’t getting its moisture back it ends up dehydrated

SciShow

Freezer burn, what's your deal? Why are you ruining our dinner plans?

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Why Is Freezer Burn Ruining My Food?

They were born into a sea of fruit eating, knuckle dragging, forest dwelling apes.

It wasn’t that they were smarter, or stronger.

It wasn't that they were more capable of having children, or better at digesting food.

They lived in the trees just as their ancestors had always done.

But the moment that they set foot on the ground, and that ape stepped up back onto its hips,

And where they would walk, man would run.

Twenty millions years ago, tectonic forces beneath the Tibetan plateau forced the land

to rise so drastically that it would create the largest mountains on Earth.

And in that massive heat sink hot humid air was swept up from the Indian Ocean

effectively drying out the regions to the North and West

and creating unstoppable monsoons to the South and East.

a second geological change was underway that would dry it out even further.

A large strip of magma running beneath the earth cracked a valley down the middle of modern day Africa,

driving the land up on either side like the surface of your lips in the sun.

And as those surrounding mountains rose to tower over two miles above that split,

With the humidity of the Indian Ocean now blocked from the land by the newly formed highlands,

much of East Africa had become more parched than it had been in hundreds of millions of years.

But for the creatures living in these lands, this would have been completely unnoticeable.

It would have taken thousands of generations of even the longest living creatures

But as the climate changed with the slow march of geological time,

The wet, dense forests that would have once ran across a relatively flat land

were slowly being replaced by wide, sporadically forested savanna.

The apes that once relied on the nearly endless fruit of the forest

would now need to make longer and longer treks to find a meal.

As they walked, their hips would scream in pain.

Apes were meant for trees, not the plains.

Their bodies were adapted to climbing, not running.

Their hips had shifted in a way that allowed them to stand upright for longer periods of time.

And as the forest began to thin around them, this made them the first among equals.

They could cling to smaller branches, and reach fruits further from their centre of gravity.

One tiny shift in their hips set in motion a whole series of changes

It allowed them to walk farther, faster, and with less pain than those who’d come before.

Splitting into many competing groups, their bodies would slowly morph to better suit the new environment.

Or perhaps more accurately, the environment would destroy those who had failed to adapt to it.

As those early hominins began to stand on their own two feet,

it freed their hands to run with food and carry tools.

They could now fight with fists, not just teeth, protecting their faces from the enemy assault.

Their ever-lengthening bodies could now see above the tall grass and spot predators.

The sun would no longer beat down on their entire torso, lessening the chance of death by overheating.

None of these late apes made any intentional choices to change.

It’s just those that couldn’t, simply died.

In the Awash Valley of Ethiopia, in the early 1970’s, researchers unearthed

what is perhaps the most well-known hominin ever discovered.

One of the many once-missing links in a long chain of adaptations that brought us into this world.

Her name is Lucy to most, but to the local people she is known as Marvelous, Dinkinesh in Amharic,

and she lived and died over three million years ago.

We can tell from her rib cage that she was a plant eater, and from her femur that she stood on two legs.

Her kneecap tells us that although she would have been at home in the trees,

she spent most of her time on the ground, walking upright.

Compared to the apes who came before, her arms were slightly shorter, and her legs were slightly longer.

In her hips we can see that she was once bitten by a carnivore.

Whether it killed her, we’ll likely never know.

But to me the most important thing is that she lived at all.

Because she represents a clear shift in human evolution.

3.2 million years ago, hominins had left the forest for good.

Our predecessors and the splinters that came off of them were no longer uniquely tree dwelling creatures.

As time progressed, so too did the bodies of those once great apes.

These new creatures weren’t just walking the savanna now, they were running it.

Their centres of gravity shifted and their joints grew stronger.

Their body hair decreased and their glands opened up to allow for more sweat.

But most importantly, their hips became shorter, wider, and with a more pronounced bowl.

Simultaneously to every mother's chagrin, their heads began to grow as well.

In a series of spurts, the brains of the savanna apes began to rapidly increase in size.

With smaller hips and larger heads, their mothers began to die en masse.

Childbirth became an incredibly dangerous affair.

Hominin society adapted to the deaths, and so did their bodies.

Gestation period shortened dramatically, and babies were now being born

without the skills required to survive on their own.

It would take years to catch them up to speed, but at least their heads were small.

With so many children born without mothers, menopause began in elder women,

allowing them time to care for children not their own.

and childrearing was placed in the arms of the remaining community.

Those who hadn't died in their own childbirth.

Ironically, this growth of the brain was likely caused by a lack of food, rather than an abundance of it.

Apes that had once relied on fruits and vegetables, common in the forests of their predecessors,

now had to find substitutes in the vast lands of grass that they couldn’t consume.

There was food all around them, but their stomachs weren’t up to the task of digesting it.

So they had to turn elsewhere to survive.

The creatures that surrounded them, drinking from the same bodies of water

and living in the shade of the same trees, became their new source of food.

If the hominins couldn’t eat the grass, they’d eat the animals that could.

But these were not yet hunters, they were scavengers.

So when an animal died, they’d eat the corpse.

More specifically, they’d break the bones and suck out the marrow.

It was this marrow that began the road towards modern man.

Test your pronunciation!

“moisture”